Mood Swings: Causes & when to consult a doctor?

This blog is for educational purposes only and does not replace professional medical advice or diagnosis. If you have health concerns, consult an AHPRA-registered telehealth doctor or request a medical certificate online if clinically appropriate. Please note: Hola Health does not currently offer Mental Health Care Plans.

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Overview

We’ve all been through days when our moods flip-flop—one moment you are on top of the world and the next, you are sinking low. Mood swings are a natural part of life, but when they become intense or occur often, it can leave you wondering what’s going on inside. Are they just a brief phase or is there an underlying cause? Let’s uncover the causes of mood swings and determine when it’s the right time to ask for professional guidance. 

What are mood swings?

Mood swings are defined by rapid or significant changes in an individual’s emotional state, frequently happening without obvious external reasons or stimuli. These changes can involve transitioning from one mood to a different one, such as experiencing happiness or energy at one moment and then feeling sadness, irritability, or anxiety shortly after. The intensity and duration of mood swings can differ, lasting anywhere from a few minutes to several hours or even days. 

Are mood swings common?

Indeed, experiencing mood swings is quite common and can occur in most individuals from time to time. These fluctuations often result from factors such as hormonal changes (including puberty, menstruation, and pregnancy), stress, inadequate sleep, or an unhealthy diet. For some individuals, mood swings might be associated with mental health disorders like bipolar disorder or depression. While mild fluctuations in mood are typical, more intense or frequent changes may necessitate professional help if they begin to affect daily functioning. 

Why do I get mood swings? Potential causes

Mood swings can have various causes, and understanding the underlying factors can help manage them. Here are some common potential causes: 

1. Hormonal changes: Variations in hormone levels, such as those experienced during puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, or menopause, can result in mood swings.   
2. Mental health disorders: Conditions like bipolar disorder, depression, and anxiety are frequently linked to mood fluctuations.   
3. Stress: Elevated stress levels, whether due to work, personal challenges, or significant life transitions, can lead to emotional instability.   
4. Diet and lifestyle influences: Insufficient sleep, a sedentary lifestyle, or an imbalanced diet can impact mood regulation.   
5. Medications: Certain medications, particularly those that affect the brain (such as antidepressants or mood stabilisers), can lead to mood variations.   
6. Substance use: The consumption of alcohol, drugs, or withdrawal from substances can result in mood swings.   
7. Health conditions: Specific medical issues, including thyroid disorders, neurological conditions, or autoimmune diseases, can lead to mood alterations. 

What mental health conditions are associated with mood swings?

Several mental health conditions are associated with mood swings. Here are some of the most common: 

Bipolar disorder:

Bipolar disorder is defined by significant mood fluctuations between manic episodes (feelings of extreme happiness and high energy) and depressive states (feelings of sadness and low energy). These emotional shifts can greatly affect daily functioning. Bipolar I involve more severe manic episodes, whereas Bipolar II includes less intense hypomanic phases combined with prolonged depressive episodes.

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD):

Borderline Personality Disorder is defined by quick changes in mood that are often triggered by stress in relationships. Individuals with BPD may experience intense happiness for a brief period, only to transition swiftly to feelings of anger, sadness, or emptiness, particularly in reaction to perceived rejection or abandonment.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD):

Major Depressive Disorder is characterised by ongoing feelings of sadness and low energy, while irritation and frustration may also occur, leading to varying moods. These emotional fluctuations can complicate the depressive experience and disrupt everyday life.

Cyclothymic Disorder (Cyclothymia):

Cyclothymic Disorder is a less severe type of bipolar disorder featuring alternating phases of hypomania (moderately elevated mood) and depressive symptoms. Though it is not as intense as bipolar disorder, it can still interfere with daily life and lead to emotional instability.

Anxiety disorders:

Anxiety disorders, including generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) or panic disorder, can result in irritability and mood swings due to ongoing worry or panic. The experience of anxiety frequently incites emotional shifts, moving from anxiety to feelings of frustration or exhaustion.

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD):

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder is a severe variant of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) that leads to significant mood swings, irritability, anxiety, and depression in the days prior to the onset of menstruation. These emotional changes can interfere with functioning and typically resolve once menstruation begins.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD):

PTSD triggers mood swings associated with reminders of past trauma. Individuals suffering from PTSD may feel emotionally numb at times, followed by intense emotions such as anger, guilt, or fear, particularly when faced with trauma-related cues.

Substance Use Disorders:

Mood swings are prevalent among individuals with substance use disorders, as substances can induce euphoria followed by feelings of irritability or depression during withdrawal. The pattern of intoxication and withdrawal can lead to significant emotional fluctuations.

What can I do to stop mood swings?

To manage mood fluctuations, consider these techniques: 

1. Recognise triggers: Monitor your moods to identify patterns and triggers (e.g., stress, insufficient sleep). 
2. Enhance sleep quality: Strive for 7-9 hours of restful sleep every night. 
3. Control stress: Engage in relaxation methods like meditation, deep breathing, or yoga. 
4. Stay active: Regular physical exercise can elevate mood and help regulate emotions. 
5. Maintain a nutritious diet: Ensure stable blood sugar levels with balanced meals while minimising caffeine, sugar, and alcohol intake. 
6. Keep hydrated: Drink ample water to prevent mood changes linked to dehydration. 
7. Practice emotional management: Acquire coping strategies, such as cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) or mindfulness, to manage your emotions. 
8. Seek assistance: Reach out to friends, family, or a therapist for emotional support. 
9. Consider Counselling: Therapeutic approaches like CBT or dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) can aid in developing emotional stability. 
10. Medication: For intense mood swings, medication (such as mood stabilisers or antidepressants) might be necessary, upon a doctor’s recommendation. 
11. Avoid drug use: Try to limit or eliminate alcohol and drugs, as they can exacerbate mood fluctuations.