Thyroid

The thyroid, a small butterfly-shaped gland in the neck, plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism, energy levels, and overall body function through hormone production.

When to consult a doctor for thyroid problems?

If you notice persistent or unexplained changes in your body

See a doctor if you experience ongoing symptoms such as unexplained weight gain or weight loss, constant fatigue, muscle weakness, increased sensitivity to heat or cold, or noticeable changes in your hair, skin, or nails. These may indicate an underactive or overactive thyroid.

If you develop heart, mood, or hormonal changes

Consult a GP if you notice a rapid or slow heartbeat, palpitations, rising blood pressure, anxiety, depression, irritability, or difficulty concentrating (brain fog). In women, irregular, heavy, or missed periods and fertility concerns should also be medically assessed.

If there is neck swelling or symptoms are worsening

Seek medical advice if you notice swelling at the front of the neck (goitre), a hoarse voice, discomfort when swallowing, or if your symptoms are getting progressively worse despite lifestyle changes or previous treatment. Early evaluation helps prevent complications and supports effective thyroid management.

This guide does not replace professional care. Consult a doctor to manage your symptoms. In emergencies, call 000. The content is research-backed & medically reviewed by Dr. Ammar AL-ANI, MBChB, CCBST, AMC

Type

Common thyroid disorders are:

Hypothyroidism (Underactive thyroid): Occurs when the thyroid does not produce enough hormones. The symptoms of hypothyroidism include fatigue, weight gain, dry skin, hair thinning, depression, cold intolerance, and constipation.

Hyperthyroidism (Overactive thyroid): Occurs when the thyroid produces excessive hormones. The symptoms of hyperthyroidism include weight loss, rapid heartbeat, anxiety, excessive sweating, tremors, and heat intolerance.

Goitre (Thyroid enlargement): A swelling of the thyroid gland, which may be caused by iodine deficiency or hormonal imbalances. The symptoms of goitre include visible neck swelling, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, or tightness in the throat.

Causes

Thyroid disorders can be caused by various factors, including autoimmune diseases, iodine imbalances, genetics, and lifestyle factors. Below are the most common causes of thyroid dysfunction:

Autoimmune conditions: Where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, leading to decreased hormone production or stimulates excessive thyroid hormone production.

Iodine deficiency or excess intake

Genetic factors: A family history of thyroid disorders increases the risk of developing thyroid disease.

Hormonal imbalances: Pregnancy, menopause or other imbalances

Medications & treatments: Certain medications, and some cancer treatments, can affect thyroid function.

Pituitary gland disorders: The pituitary gland regulates thyroid function by producing thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone production.

Infections & inflammation: Viral or bacterial infections can cause thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid), leading to temporary hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism.

Nutritional deficiencies: Low selenium, zinc or iron deficiency can contribute to thyroid dysfunction

Stress & lifestyle factors: Chronic stress, poor sleep, unhealthy diet, and lack of exercise can contribute to thyroid disorders over time.

Thyroid surgery or damage: Surgical removal of part or all of the thyroid gland or physical trauma to the neck area can affect thyroid function.

Diagnosis

Thyroid conditions are diagnosed through:

Blood tests to measure thyroid hormone levels (TSH, T3, T4).

Thyroid antibody tests to check for autoimmune thyroid disease.

Ultrasound to assess thyroid nodules or swelling.

Thyroid scan or biopsy for further evaluation if needed

Speak to a GP first to check and understand your symptoms.

Hola Health provides a convenient way for you to consult a doctor online, 24/7 across Australia. Our AHPRA-registered Australian online GP will conduct a comprehensive assessment to provide the best possible care.

Clinical note: An online GP assessment helps provide medical advice for your thyroid symptoms and evaluate if a face-to-face consultation or physical examination is needed. Online GPs can provide prescriptions, referrals or medical certificates if clinically indicated. Telehealth is a complementary service; a physical examination of the neck (to check for nodules or goitre) and in-person pathology tests (Thyroid Function Tests) are mandatory for an accurate diagnosis and safe medication titration. After-hours bulk billing is available for eligible patients during Medicare-defined periods; otherwise, private fees apply. Consultations are secure, encrypted, and Australian-stored (in compliance with the Australian Privacy Principles). In case of sudden rapid heartbeat (palpitations), high fever with confusion, extreme lethargy, or difficulty breathing, call 000 immediately. We recommend sharing your consult summaries with your regular GP and Endocrinologist to ensure continuity of care.