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This guide does not replace professional care. In emergencies, call 000 or visit a hospital immediately.
The thyroid, a small butterfly-shaped gland in the neck, plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism, energy levels, and overall body function through hormone production. When the thyroid malfunctions, it can lead to various health issues. Hypothyroidism, or an underactive thyroid, occurs when the gland fails to produce enough hormones, resulting in fatigue, weight gain, dry skin, hair thinning, depression, cold intolerance, and constipation. In contrast, hyperthyroidism, or an overactive thyroid, leads to excessive hormone production, causing symptoms such as weight loss, rapid heartbeat, anxiety, excessive sweating, tremors, and heat intolerance. Another common thyroid disorder is goitre, a noticeable swelling of the gland often caused by iodine deficiency or hormonal imbalances, which can lead to symptoms like neck swelling, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, or a feeling of tightness in the throat.
Medically reviewed by Dr. Ammar AL-ANI, MBChB, CCBST, AMC
When to consult a doctor for thyroid?
It is important to seek medical advice for thyroid concerns to ensure early diagnosis and effective management. You should consult a doctor if you experience:
- Unexplained weight changes: Sudden weight loss or gain without changes in diet or lifestyle.
- Fatigue & weakness: Persistent tiredness, low energy levels, or muscle weakness.
- Mood changes: Anxiety, depression, irritability, or difficulty concentrating (brain fog).
- Irregular heart rate: Rapid or slow heartbeat, palpitations, or increased blood pressure.
- Temperature sensitivity: Feeling excessively cold or hot compared to others.
- Hair & skin changes: Thinning hair, brittle nails, dry skin, or excessive hair loss.
- Neck swelling or discomfort: Visible swelling in the neck (goitre), difficulty swallowing, or a hoarse voice.
- Menstrual irregularities: Heavy, light, or missed periods, or fertility issues.
What are the common thyroid disorders and their symptoms?
Common thyroid disorders are:
- Hypothyroidism (Underactive thyroid): Occurs when the thyroid does not produce enough hormones. The symptoms of hypothyroidism include fatigue, weight gain, dry skin, hair thinning, depression, cold intolerance, and constipation.
- Hyperthyroidism (Overactive thyroid): Occurs when the thyroid produces excessive hormones. The symptoms of hyperthyroidism include weight loss, rapid heartbeat, anxiety, excessive sweating, tremors, and heat intolerance.
- Goitre (Thyroid enlargement): A swelling of the thyroid gland, which may be caused by iodine deficiency or hormonal imbalances. The symptoms of goitre include visible neck swelling, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, or tightness in the throat.
What are the causes of thyroid disorders?
Thyroid disorders can be caused by various factors, including autoimmune diseases, iodine imbalances, genetics, and lifestyle factors. Below are the most common causes of thyroid dysfunction:
- Autoimmune conditions: Where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, leading to decreased hormone production or stimulates excessive thyroid hormone production.
- Iodine deficiency or excess intake
- Genetic factors: A family history of thyroid disorders increases the risk of developing thyroid disease.
- Hormonal imbalances: Pregnancy, menopause or other imbalances
- Medications & treatments: Certain medications, and some cancer treatments, can affect thyroid function.
- Pituitary gland disorders: The pituitary gland regulates thyroid function by producing thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone production.
- Infections & inflammation: Viral or bacterial infections can cause thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid), leading to temporary hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism.
- Nutritional deficiencies: Low selenium, zinc or iron deficiency can contribute to thyroid dysfunction
- Stress & lifestyle factors: Chronic stress, poor sleep, unhealthy diet, and lack of exercise can contribute to thyroid disorders over time.
- Thyroid surgery or damage: Surgical removal of part or all of the thyroid gland or physical trauma to the neck area can affect thyroid function.
How is thyroid disease diagnosed?
Thyroid conditions are diagnosed through:
- Blood tests to measure thyroid hormone levels (TSH, T3, T4).
- Thyroid antibody tests to check for autoimmune thyroid disease.
- Ultrasound to assess thyroid nodules or swelling.
- Thyroid scan or biopsy for further evaluation if needed
How can we help?
Trusted by 400,000+ Aussies, Hola Health connects you to AHPRA-accredited online GPs and healthcare practitioners 24/7 from anywhere in Australia. Get medical certs, eScripts, referrals within 15 minutes from the comfort of your home. Here are some key advantages of using telehealth:
- Online GP consultations: Consult a registered practitioner through a telehealth appointment within 15 minutes.
- After hours doctor: Speak to a 24-hour doctor anytime, no matter where you are in Australia.
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