What are the inflammatory markers for long COVID?

A major problem for both patients and healthcare providers is long COVID, also referred to as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). It is characterised by persistent inflammation in the body’s systems, leading to symptoms like fatigue, brain fog, and shortness of breath. But what are the inflammatory markers in long COVID, and how might they help us understand this condition? Let’s explore the science behind these markers, potential home remedies, and when to seek medical attention.

Also read: What are the most common lingering COVID symptoms?

What are the long COVID inflammation markers?

Inflammatory markers are molecules in the blood that indicate ongoing inflammation. In the context of long COVID, researchers have identified several key markers:

1. C-Reactive Protein (CRP)

• Systemic inflammation is usually marked by elevated levels of CRP.
• CRP is often high in long COVID, indicating prolonged immune activation.

2. Interleukin-6 (IL-6)

• IL-6 is a cytokine (a signalling protein) that plays a role in inflammation.
• Long COVID patients often have persistent elevation of IL-6, commonly associated with severe fatigue and other systemic symptoms.

3. Tumour Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)

• This is a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in immune regulation.
• Elevated TNF-α levels in long COVID may indicate chronic, low-grade inflammation.

4. Ferritin

• High ferritin levels can be a sign that the immune system is not functioning correctly.

5. D-Dimer

• This marker indicates possible clotting abnormalities, which can sometimes be seen in long COVID due to vascular inflammation.

6. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)

• Dysregulated VEGF levels are associated with vascular inflammation and can produce symptoms like fatigue and brain fog.

7. Monocyte Activation Markers (e.g., CD14, CD16)

• These markers suggest chronic immune system activation, usually due to ongoing viral activity or viral remnants.

What causes inflammation in Long COVID?

Inflammation in long COVID is complex and may result from several factors:

• Viral persistence Even after the acute infection, the virus or inactive viral particles may remain in the body, triggering the immune system.
• Immune dysregulation Long COVID can cause the immune system to overwork, leading to chronic inflammation.
• Tissue damage Damage that occurred during acute COVID (e.g., in the lungs, heart, or blood vessels) can lead to prolonged inflammation.
• Microclots Some long COVID patients may develop small blood clots, which can contribute to symptoms like breathlessness.

Also read: Long COVID and muscle pain: A complete guide

Home remedies to manage inflammation in Long COVID

While managing inflammation generally requires medical oversight, some evidence-based home remedies can complement treatment:

Anti-inflammatory diet

• Focus on whole foods like fruits, vegetables, nuts, and fatty fish.
• Reduce processed foods, sugar, and red meat.
• Incorporate turmeric and ginger, which have natural anti-inflammatory properties.

Hydration

• Staying hydrated helps maintain proper blood circulation and can reduce inflammation.

Light exercise

• Gentle physical activity, such as yoga or walking, can help reduce inflammation.
• Avoid overexertion, as it may worsen symptoms.

Stress management

• Chronic stress increases cortisol, which can worsen inflammation.
• Mindfulness techniques, meditation, and deep breathing exercises can help.

Adequate sleep

• Quality sleep is necessary for immune regulation.
• Practice good sleep hygiene to promote restorative rest.

Supplements

• Omega-3 fatty acids: Found in fish oil, these can help reduce inflammation.
• Vitamin D: Involved in immune modulation.
• Important: Do not start any supplements without speaking to your doctor.

When to seek a doctor’s appointment?

Long COVID symptoms can vary in severity, but certain red flags require immediate medical attention:

Severe symptoms

• Chest pain or pressure that does not go away
• Worsening shortness of breath
• A rapid heart rate that is unexplained

Neurological issues

• Persistent confusion or brain fog interfering with daily life
• New or worsening headaches

Worsening fatigue

• Lack of energy even after rest and self-care

Signs of blood clots

• Swelling, redness, or pain in the limbs, which could indicate deep vein thrombosis

Emotional health

• Severe anxiety, depression, or feelings of hopelessness—consult a healthcare provider

How can telehealth help with Long COVID?

Telehealth has become a useful tool for managing long COVID, helping patients with persistent symptoms stay connected with doctors from home. Here’s how it can help:

• Regular monitoring: Frequent follow-up to monitor inflammatory markers and symptoms without in-person visits.
• Access to specialists: Many long COVID patients need multidisciplinary care (cardiologists, pulmonologists, neurologists). Telehealth can connect you with the right specialists.
• Mental health support: Virtual therapy sessions can assist with the psychological challenges associated with long COVID.
• Medication management: Physicians can adjust medications, recommend supplements, or prescribe new therapies through virtual consultations.
• Rehabilitation guidance: Long COVID patients who need physical or occupational therapy can often receive remote guidance.

How can Hola Health help with Long COVID?

If you're experiencing lingering symptoms of Long COVID—such as fatigue, brain fog, breathlessness, or joint pain—Hola Health provides convenient and accessible support through our 24/7 telehealth services. Our AHPRA-accredited doctors or medical practitioners can help with:

• Medical advice – Get expert guidance on managing ongoing symptoms and recovery strategies with telehealth appointments.
• Pathology & specialist referrals – Access blood tests, inflammatory marker assessments, and specialist referrals if needed.
• Online prescriptions – Request COVID-19 antiviral medications for symptom management, including inflammation and respiratory issues.
• Mental health support – Bulk-billed mental health care plans for anxiety, depression, and post-COVID stress.
• Medical certificates – Obtain medical certificates for work or study if symptoms impact daily activities.

Get the care you need—anytime, anywhere.

Final thoughts

Long COVID is a multifaceted condition that remains a challenge to patients and healthcare providers. Inflammatory markers such as CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α are crucial for understanding the underlying mechanisms and guiding treatment strategies. Some home remedies and lifestyle changes may help manage symptoms, but severe or worsening issues should be evaluated by a medical professional.

Telehealth is a valuable resource for regular monitoring and multidisciplinary care without the burden of traveling. With the right approach, you can better navigate the complexities of long COVID and work toward recovery.

Battle inflammation! Request a COVID-19 consultation from the comfort of your home.