Graves' disease: What it is, causes, symptoms & treatment
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Summary: Graves' disease is an autoimmune condition that causes the thyroid to become hyperactive, resulting in hyperthyroidism. This occurs when the immune system mistakenly targets the thyroid gland. Common symptoms encompass weight loss, anxiety, a fast heartbeat, and issues with the eyes. Contributing factors include genetic predisposition and environmental influences. Treatment methods comprise antithyroid medications, radioactive iodine treatment, or surgical intervention to regulate hormone levels.
Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder that impacts the thyroid gland, a small organ in the neck that controls metabolism through hormone production. It is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, a disorder where the thyroid gland becomes overactive, leading to excessive release of thyroid hormones. In Australia, this condition affects approximately 1 in 100 adults. with a higher prevalence among women aged between 20 and 40 years old. Named after the Irish doctor Robert Graves, who identified it in the 19th century, this disease can affect multiple body systems if not properly managed.
What is Graves’ disease?
Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder that results in the overactivity of the thyroid gland, known as hyperthyroidism. This condition occurs when the immune system erroneously attacks the thyroid, causing it to produce excessive hormones. Typical symptoms include weight loss, rapid heart rate, anxiety, and protruding eyes. It predominantly affects women under 40 and is manageable with medication or alternative therapies. Also read: Weak immune system: Symptoms & GP approved tipsWhat causes Graves’ disease?
The underlying cause of Graves’ disease lies in the immune system, which mistakenly generates antibodies known as TSI (thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins). These antibodies lead the thyroid gland to overproduce hormones, resulting in hyperthyroidism.Potential triggers can include:
- Genetics (family history)
- Stress
- Infections
- Smoking
- Hormonal fluctuations (e.g., during pregnancy)
What are the symptoms of Graves’ disease?
The symptoms associated with Graves’ disease are primarily linked to an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) and can influence various aspects of the body.Typical symptoms include:
- Weight loss even with a normal or increased appetite
- Fast or irregular heartbeats (palpitations)
- Feelings of nervousness, anxiety, or irritability
- Tremors in the hands
- Increased perspiration or sensitivity to heat
- Fatigue or muscle weakness
- Frequent bowel movements
- Difficulties sleeping
- Enlarged thyroid gland (goitre)
- Eye symptoms, such as bulging eyes, redness, dryness, or irritation (Graves’ ophthalmopathy)
How to diagnose Graves’ disease?
Diagnosis of Graves’ disease involves a combination of physical examinations, blood tests, and imaging studies. Common diagnostic procedures include:- Physical exam: A healthcare provider may look for indicators such as an enlarged thyroid (goitre), bulging eyes, or a rapid heartbeat.
- Blood tests:
- TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) – typically low
- T3 and T4 – generally elevated
- TSI (thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin) – confirms the autoimmune origin
- Thyroid scan: Uses a small amount of radioactive iodine to evaluate the thyroid's activity level.
- Ultrasound: Assists in evaluating the size and health of the thyroid gland.
Who does Graves’ disease affect?
Graves’ disease can impact anyone, but certain individuals have a higher likelihood of developing it.- Most frequently affected individuals include:
- Women, particularly between the ages of 30 and 50
- Those with a family history of thyroid or autoimmune diseases
- People with other autoimmune disorders (such as type 1 diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis)
- Smokers, who also face a greater risk of experiencing eye symptoms
- Individuals undergoing high stress or experiencing recent hormonal changes, such as following pregnancy
Can Graves’ disease be prevented?
Due to its primary drivers of genetic and autoimmune factors, individuals cannot completely avert Graves' disease. Nonetheless, you might lower the risk or alleviate symptoms by:- Avoiding smoking
- Managing stress levels
- Regularly talking to a doctor if you have a family history of thyroid or autoimmune disorders
- Prompt diagnosis and treatment can help avert severe complications.
Also read: Best foods for female hormonal imbalance
What are the possible complications of Graves’ disease?
If not treated, Graves’ disease may result in significant health issues, such as:- Cardiovascular problems (irregular heart rhythms, heart failure)
- Fragile bones (osteoporosis)
- Graves' ophthalmopathy (protruding eyes, vision difficulties)
- Thyroid storm (a rare, critical condition)
- In rare cases, patients may develop thickening of the skin (particularly on the shins), known as pretibial myxoedema.
Conclusion
Graves’ disease is a manageable autoimmune disorder that affects the thyroid gland. With early intervention and effective therapy, most individuals can keep symptoms under control and maintain a healthy lifestyle. Telehealth can help by quick online doctor consults, access to online doctor certificates, instant scripts and online doctor referrals for diagnostic tests and more.FAQs
How common is Graves’ disease?
Graves’ disease is a common autoimmune disease, impacting roughly 1 in every 100 individuals. It is a leading cause of hyperthyroidism and tends to be more frequent in women than in men, especially those aged 30 to 50. It may also run in families, indicating a hereditary factor.Is Graves’ disease inherited?
Graves’ disease is not directly inherited, but it may run in families, suggesting a genetic susceptibility. People with a family history of Graves’ or other autoimmune diseases have a greater likelihood of developing it. However, external factors like stress, smoking, and infections can also contribute to its onset.What blood test for Graves’ disease?
The main blood tests used to detect Graves’ disease include:- TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone)
- Free T4 and Free T3
- TSI (Thyroid-Stimulating Immunoglobulin)
Can Graves’ disease return after remission?
Yes, Graves’ disease can return after remission, although this is not always the case. In some cases, even after treatment with medications, radioactive iodine, or surgery, the disease may reappear. This often occurs if the immune system continues to produce antibodies that impact thyroid activity. Regular follow-up care with a healthcare provider is crucial to assess thyroid levels and identify potential relapses.Can you give blood if you have Graves’ disease?
It depends. In Australia, you may be allowed to donate blood if your Graves’ disease is well managed, you’re symptom-free, and not on certain medications like high-dose antithyroid drugs. However, eligibility is assessed individually. It is best to check with your local blood donation provider for specific guidelines.Can COVID-19 trigger Graves’ disease?
Yes, in some cases, COVID-19 may potentially trigger Graves’ disease or other autoimmune thyroid conditions, however, more research is needed to establish a definite link. The virus can activate the immune system in ways that may lead to autoimmune thyroid conditions, especially in individuals with a genetic predisposition. While such cases are relatively rare, several studies have associated COVID-19 with the onset or worsening of thyroid disorders, including Graves’ disease.Can Graves’ disease affect your eyes?
Yes, Graves’ disease can impact the eyes through a condition called Graves’ ophthalmopathy or thyroid eye disease (TED). It affects between 155 to 250 people per 100,000 of the population and can cause symptoms such as bulging eyes, redness, dryness, irritation, blurred or double vision, and in extreme cases, vision impairment. It happens when the immune system targets the muscles and tissues surrounding the eyes, leading to inflammation and swelling. Eye symptoms may occur even if thyroid function is under control.Can Graves’ disease affect your kidneys?
Graves’ disease primarily targets the thyroid, but in rare cases, it can indirectly affect the kidneys. High levels of thyroid hormones can influence blood pressure, heart function, and circulation, which can, in turn, impact kidney health. Additionally, autoimmune conditions like Graves’ can occasionally be associated with other autoimmune diseases that affect the kidneys. However, direct kidney damage from Graves’ disease is rare. If kidney complications occur, further investigation is required to identify the underlying cause.Can Graves’ disease affect your period?
Yes, Graves’ disease can influence your menstrual cycle. Excess thyroid hormones can lead to irregular periods, reduced flow, or missed cycles. These changes can disrupt the normal functioning of the reproductive system. Normal menstrual function usually resumes once thyroid levels are brought under control.Reference
- Graves’ disease - reference link
- National Library of Medicine - reference link
- National Library of Medicine - reference link
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This blog is for general informational purposes only and does not indicate that Hola Health provides all treatments or preventive measures mentioned. It is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the guidance of your doctor or other qualified health professional with any questions you may have regarding your health or a medical condition. For emergencies please immediately contact 000. Any medical topics discussed are intended to educate, not to imply availability through Hola Health.