8 common pathology tests you need to know about

Overview

Pathology tests are essential for diagnosing, monitoring, and managing diseases. These tests examine blood, urine, tissues, and other body fluids to detect abnormalities, infections, and other medical issues. Here are some key highlights -

• Between 2012-13 and 2022-23, there was a rise in the proportion of people who have a Medicare-funded diagnostic service. Specifically, the percentage of the population undergoing a pathology test grew from 53% to 59%.
• In 2022-23, the number of pathology test recipients returned to levels more in line with the long-term trend, following the peaks of 62% and 70% in 2020-21 and 2021-22, respectively.
• The significant increase in those years was primarily due to the number of COVID-19-related PCR tests conducted. Understanding the various common pathology tests helps individuals make informed choices about their health and collaborate effectively with healthcare professionals for timely treatment. Let's highlight several key pathology tests that everyone should be aware of.

 

Year	Percentage of population undergoing pathology test	Key observations
2012-13	53%	Baseline percentage of people undergoing Medicare-funded pathology tests.
2020-21	62%	Significant increase due to COVID-19-related PCR tests.
2021-22	70%	Peak in pathology testing, driven by widespread COVID-19 testing.
2022-23	59%	Return to long-term trend levels after the COVID-19 testing surge.

What are pathology tests?

Pathology tests refer to medical examinations that involve the analysis of biological samples, including blood, urine, or tissue, to diagnose, monitor, and manage various health conditions. The significance of these tests lies in their ability to identify diseases, evaluate overall health status, and assess the effectiveness of ongoing treatments. While they offer invaluable insights, interpretation should always consider the clinical context and other diagnostic findings. Here are some common pathology tests and their purposes:

Test 1: Blood test

A blood test represents a prevalent form of pathology testing. This procedure entails the collection of a small blood sample, which is subsequently analysed in a laboratory to assess the levels of various constituents, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, glucose, and cholesterol. Blood tests serve a significant role in diagnosing numerous medical conditions, such as infections, anemia, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, these tests provide doctors with valuable information regarding organ function and possess the capability to identify risk factors or conditions before symptoms arise.

Test 2: Urine test

Similarly, the urine test constitutes another commonly employed pathology examination. This test involves the analysis of a urine sample to detect the presence of substances such as proteins, glucose, blood cells, or bacteria, which may suggest specific health issues. Urine tests are instrumental in diagnosing urinary tract infections (UTIs), kidney disorders, diabetes, and various metabolic conditions. Moreover, routine urine testing is beneficial for monitoring pre-existing medical conditions as well as evaluating the efficacy of ongoing therapeutic interventions.

Test 3: Ultrasound

Ultrasound technology utilises sound waves to produce images of the internal organs and structures of the body. This modality is frequently employed for monitoring fetal development during pregnancy, assessing abdominal organs such as the liver and kidneys, and identifying problems within the heart or vascular system. As a non-invasive technique, ultrasound detects conditions such as cysts, tumours, and dysfunctions of organs.

Test 4: Biopsy

A biopsy is a medical procedure that entails the extraction of a small tissue sample from the body for microscopic examination. This procedure is primarily utilised for the diagnosis of cancer, infections, and other types of abnormal tissue growth. Biopsies may be conducted on diverse tissue types, including skin, lung, liver, and breast tissue, to evaluate the presence of atypical cellular activity.

Test 5: Stool test

A stool test consists of the analysis of a fecal sample to detect the presence of infections, parasites, or blood. This examination is often employed to diagnose gastrointestinal disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), bacterial or viral infections, and conditions such as colorectal cancer. The findings from this test are instrumental in uncovering the underlying causes of digestive issues.

Test 6: Genetic testing

Genetic testing involves the analysis of DNA to identify hereditary genetic disorders or conditions. This assessment can provide valuable information regarding an individual's risk of developing diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and specific inherited conditions. The application of genetic testing is increasingly prominent in the fields of personalised medicine and preventive healthcare. However, ethical considerations, such as genetic privacy and potential psychological impacts, must be addressed.

Test 7: Thyroid function test

A thyroid function test measures the concentration of thyroid hormones, including TSH, T3, and T4, in the bloodstream. This assessment is crucial for diagnosing thyroid anomalies, such as hypothyroidism (insufficient thyroid hormone production) and hyperthyroidism (excessive thyroid hormone production), which can significantly impact metabolism, energy levels, and overall well-being.

Test 8: Liver function test

A liver function test assesses the health of the liver by quantifying the levels of various enzymes and proteins present in the blood. This evaluation detects liver diseases, including hepatitis, cirrhosis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, while also monitoring the liver's capacity to process metabolic waste and synthesise essential proteins for the body.

Pathology Tests for Each Age Group

Pathology tests serve as a primary diagnostic tool doctors use to monitor body functions. These tests help identify diseases before patients experience any symptoms. The Australian healthcare system places strong emphasis on disease prevention through regular testing, such as monitoring cholesterol and blood sugar levels to help prevent chronic diseases from developing later in life. Here is a breakdown of what to look out for at different stages of life.

Children (0–12 years)

Iron studies: Rapid growth in children requires adequate iron levels. Low iron can cause fatigue and reduced concentration. Doctors may order iron studies if a child appears pale or shows signs of tiredness. Allergy testing: Food allergies affect many Australian children. Blood tests (RAST) help identify foods that may trigger allergic reactions when symptoms appear. Coeliac screen: Doctors may screen for coeliac disease in children with ongoing abdominal symptoms or poor growth.

Teenagers (13–18 years)

Iron studies: The onset of menstruation makes iron testing particularly important for teenage girls. Iron deficiency is a common cause of fatigue in this age group. Sexual health screening: Confidential STI testing via urine or blood samples is recommended for sexually active teenagers. These tests help protect overall health, reproductive wellbeing, and future fertility. Glandular fever serology: This test helps diagnose glandular fever in teenagers experiencing prolonged fatigue, sore throat, and swollen glands.

Adults (19–39 years)

Cervical screening test: Women aged 25–74 should have this test every five years. It screens for HPV to help prevent cervical cancer. Lipid profile (cholesterol): Many people have their first cholesterol test in their 30s to establish baseline levels. Those with a family history of heart disease should consult an online GP about earlier testing. Antenatal screenings: Women planning pregnancy may need routine tests, including rubella immunity, blood group checks, and genetic carrier screening. Note: While Hola Health can provide referrals for pathology, physical tests such as cervical screenings must be performed in person by a healthcare provider. These services are not provided directly by Hola Health and this information is provided for educational purposes only.

Middle age (40–59 years)

HbA1c (diabetes check): The risk of type 2 diabetes increases with age. An HbA1c test measures average blood sugar levels over the previous three months. Lipid profile & heart health: Cholesterol monitoring during this stage helps predict the risk of heart attack or stroke over the next five to ten years. Bowel cancer screening: The Australian Government provides free bowel screening kits to people aged 50 and over. These tests detect tiny amounts of blood in stool, which can be an early sign of bowel cancer.

Seniors (60+ years)

Kidney function (EUC): Kidney function naturally declines with age. This blood test checks how well your kidneys are working and how your body handles medications and waste products. Vitamin D & calcium: These nutrients are essential for bone health. Testing helps prevent osteoporosis and fractures, particularly when outdoor activity decreases. Full blood count (FBE): This test provides an overview of immune health and helps detect anaemia or infection.

Pathology Tests by Age Group

Here is a quick reference guide to the key tests recommended for Australians.

Age Group	Key Test	Why they are important
Children	Iron Studies	The test helps doctors check if a child's rapid growth has caused iron depletion.
Teens	STI Screen	The test protects health and fertility for sexually active individuals.
Adults (25+)	Cervical Screening	The test helps detect HPV early to prevent cervical cancer.
Middle Age (40s)	HbA1c & Lipids	This life stage is critical for preventing diabetes and heart disease.
Middle Age (50+)	FOBT (Bowel Kit)	The test helps detect early signs of bowel cancer.
Seniors (60+)	Kidney Function	The test helps doctors track how well the body processes daily medications.

Symptoms

People should seek medical help as soon as possible if they experience any of the following symptoms:

• Unexplained weight loss, which may indicate an underlying medical condition.
• Persistent fatigue that is not related to poor sleep.
• New or unusual lumps or bumps anywhere on the body.
• Ongoing changes in bowel habits or the presence of blood in the stool.

Anyone experiencing these symptoms should consult a doctor promptly. Note: If you are experiencing life-threatening symptoms, chest pain, or severe acute distress, please call 000 immediately or visit your nearest Emergency Department (ED).

Getting referrals for a pathology test

To get a referral for a pathology test:

1. Engage with a healthcare professional: Book an telehealth appointment with a doctor who will evaluate your symptoms and review your medical history. Not all tests require a comprehensive review of past conditions.
2. Obtain a referral: Should it be deemed necessary, the doctor will prescribe the relevant pathology test and issue a referral.
3. Attend a laboratory or testing facility: Upon receiving the referral, proceed to the specified laboratory or testing centre to provide the required samples for the examination.
4. Receive test results: The laboratory will forward the results to your doctor, who will then review the findings with you and outline any subsequent steps.
5. Participate in follow-up care: Depending on the results, additional referrals or treatment options may be recommended.

Ease of online referrals

Online referrals for pathology tests provide a convenient and efficient way to access medical services without needing an in-person visit. Here's how they make the process easier:

1. Telemedicine consultations: Licensed healthcare professionals are available for online doctor consultations with patients through video calls. Following an evaluation of the patient's symptoms, these professionals can issue direct referrals for the required pathology tests.
2. Instant referrals: Upon assessing a patient's condition, the healthcare provider can generate an electronic referral. This referral can then be promptly forwarded to the patient's preferred pathology laboratory or diagnostic centre.
3. Elimination of physical visits: Patients can obtain a referral from the convenience of their homes, conserving time and effort, particularly in circumstances where visiting a clinic in person is not feasible.
4. Access to an extensive network of laboratories: Online referral services frequently grant patients access to a diverse network of accredited laboratories, offering flexibility in selecting both the location and the types of tests available.

While telehealth is a convenient alternative for many pathology referrals, it is not a clinical replacement for all conditions. A physical examination by a medical practitioner in person may be required to accurately diagnose certain symptoms.

Key points to discuss with your doctor

Here are some key points to discuss with your doctor during a consultation-

1. Symptoms: Provide a detailed description of your symptoms, including their duration and intensity.
2. Medical history: It is essential to disclose both your personal and familial health history.
3. Medications: List all current medications and any past treatments.
4. Allergies: It is important to indicate any known allergies to medications, food items, or other substances.
5. Lifestyle factors: Discuss your dietary habits, level of physical activity, quality of sleep, and any habits such as tobacco or alcohol consumption.
6. Concerns: Identify any specific health-related concerns or anxieties you might have regarding treatments.
7. Previous tests: Bring along any test results from prior medical consultations.
8. Test instructions: Discuss any specific instructions for the test, such as fasting, medication restrictions, or sample collection protocols.
9. Goals: Articulate your health objectives and your expectations regarding treatment outcomes.
10. Referrals: Inquire about any necessary diagnostic tests or referrals to specialised practitioners.
11. Follow-up: Seek clarification regarding the timeline and procedures for follow-up consultations with your doctor.

 

How Hola Health Can Help

Life is busy, and waiting in a clinic just to obtain a referral can be inconvenient. Hola Health simplifies the process by allowing you to request a pathology referral online via telehealth.

• Speak to a doctor from home, 24/7.
• Receive your pathology request form by email.
• Visit any pathology collection centre with your form.
• Have results sent directly back to the Hola Health doctor for review.

Referrals are issued at the clinical discretion of the medical practitioner following an assessment; a consultation does not guarantee a referral will be provided.

Conclusion

Pathology tests are important for identifying and managing health conditions, providing valuable insights into organ function and overall well-being. Regular screenings can help detect conditions early, leading to better health outcomes. By understanding these tests and working with healthcare providers, individuals can make informed choices and take charge of their health.

FAQs

Do I always need to fast for blood tests?

Not always. Many modern blood tests do not require fasting, although cholesterol and glucose tests may still need it. Always follow the instructions on your referral form.

Are pathology tests covered by Medicare?

Most common pathology tests ordered by a doctor are bulk-billed*, meaning Medicare covers the cost. Some specialised tests may involve a gap fee.

How long do results take?

Most routine blood test results are available within 24 to 48 hours. More complex tests may take longer.

How often should Australians have pathology tests?

Most healthy adults benefit from annual blood tests as part of a general health check. People with chronic conditions such as diabetes or high blood pressure may need monitoring every three to six months, as advised by their GP. Note: Australians aged 45 years and over may be eligible for Medicare's Heart Health Check program.