8 common pathology tests you need to know about

Overview

Pathology tests are essential for diagnosing, monitoring, and managing diseases. These tests examine blood, urine, tissues, and other body fluids to detect abnormalities, infections, and other medical issues. Here are some key highlights -

• Between 2012-13 and 2022-23, there was a rise in the proportion of people who have a Medicare-funded diagnostic service. Specifically, the percentage of the population undergoing a pathology test grew from 53% to 59%.
• In 2022-23, the number of pathology test recipients returned to levels more in line with the long-term trend, following the peaks of 62% and 70% in 2020-21 and 2021-22, respectively.
• The significant increase in those years was primarily due to the number of COVID-19-related PCR tests conducted. Understanding the various common pathology tests helps individuals make informed choices about their health and collaborate effectively with healthcare professionals for timely treatment. Let's highlight several key pathology tests that everyone should be aware of.

 

Year	Percentage of population undergoing pathology test	Key observations
2012-13	53%	Baseline percentage of people undergoing Medicare-funded pathology tests.
2020-21	62%	Significant increase due to COVID-19-related PCR tests.
2021-22	70%	Peak in pathology testing, driven by widespread COVID-19 testing.
2022-23	59%	Return to long-term trend levels after the COVID-19 testing surge.

What are pathology tests?

Pathology tests refer to medical examinations that involve the analysis of biological samples, including blood, urine, or tissue, to diagnose, monitor, and manage various health conditions. The significance of these tests lies in their ability to identify diseases, evaluate overall health status, and assess the effectiveness of ongoing treatments. While they offer invaluable insights, interpretation should always consider the clinical context and other diagnostic findings. Here are some common pathology tests and their purposes:

Test 1: Blood test

A blood test is one of the most common types of pathology testing. This procedure involves collecting a small blood sample, which is then analysed in a laboratory to measure various components, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and cholesterol. Blood tests play an important role in assessing overall health and helping to investigate a range of medical conditions, such as infections, anaemia, and cardiovascular conditions. They also provide healthcare professionals with valuable information about organ function and can help identify potential health concerns before symptoms appear.

Test 2: Urine test

Similarly, a urine test is another commonly used pathology examination. This test involves analysing a urine sample to detect substances such as proteins, blood cells, or bacteria, which may indicate certain health concerns. Urine tests are useful for investigating urinary tract infections (UTIs), kidney disorders, and various metabolic or general health conditions. In addition, routine urine testing can help monitor ongoing health conditions and support healthcare professionals in assessing overall health and wellbeing.

Test 3: Ultrasound

Ultrasound technology utilises sound waves to produce images of the internal organs and structures of the body. This modality is frequently employed for monitoring fetal development during pregnancy, assessing abdominal organs such as the liver and kidneys, and identifying problems within the heart or vascular system. As a non-invasive technique, ultrasound detects conditions such as cysts, tumours, and dysfunctions of organs.

Test 4: Biopsy

A biopsy is a medical procedure that involves removing a small sample of tissue from the body for microscopic examination. This procedure is primarily used to investigate infections, inflammation, and other types of abnormal tissue changes. Biopsies can be performed on various types of tissue, including the skin, lung, liver, and breast, to help evaluate unusual findings or atypical cellular activity.

Test 5: Stool test

A stool test involves the analysis of a stool sample to help detect infections, parasites, or traces of blood. This examination is often used to investigate digestive symptoms and assess gastrointestinal conditions, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and bacterial or viral infections. The findings from this test can help healthcare professionals better understand the possible causes of digestive issues and guide appropriate follow-up care.

Test 6: Genetic testing

Genetic testing involves the analysis of DNA to identify inherited genetic variations and traits. This assessment can provide valuable information about certain inherited characteristics and may help individuals better understand aspects of their health and family history. The application of genetic testing is increasingly prominent in the fields of personalised healthcare and preventive health planning. However, ethical considerations, such as genetic privacy and the potential emotional impact of test results, should also be carefully considered.

Test 7: Thyroid function test

A thyroid function test measures the concentration of thyroid hormones, including TSH, T3, and T4, in the bloodstream. This assessment is crucial for diagnosing thyroid anomalies, such as hypothyroidism (insufficient thyroid hormone production) and hyperthyroidism (excessive thyroid hormone production), which can significantly impact metabolism, energy levels, and overall well-being.

Test 8: Liver function test

A liver function test assesses the health of the liver by quantifying the levels of various enzymes and proteins present in the blood. This evaluation detects liver diseases, including cirrhosis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, while also monitoring the liver's capacity to process metabolic waste and synthesise essential proteins for the body.

Pathology Tests for Each Age Group

Pathology tests serve as a primary diagnostic tool doctors use to monitor body functions. These tests help identify diseases before patients experience any symptoms. The Australian healthcare system places strong emphasis on disease prevention through regular testing, such as monitoring cholesterol and blood sugar levels to help prevent chronic diseases from developing later in life. Here is a breakdown of what to look out for at different stages of life.

Children (0–12 years)

Iron studies: Rapid growth in children requires adequate iron levels. Low iron can cause fatigue and reduced concentration. Doctors may order iron studies if a child appears pale or shows signs of tiredness. Allergy testing: Food allergies affect many Australian children. Blood tests (RAST) help identify foods that may trigger allergic reactions when symptoms appear. Coeliac screen: Doctors may screen for coeliac disease in children with ongoing abdominal symptoms or poor growth.

Teenagers (13–18 years)

Iron studies: The onset of menstruation makes iron testing particularly important for teenage girls. Iron deficiency is a common cause of fatigue in this age group. Sexual health screening: Confidential STI testing via urine or blood samples is recommended for sexually active teenagers. These tests help protect overall health, reproductive wellbeing, and future fertility. Glandular fever serology: This test helps diagnose glandular fever in teenagers experiencing prolonged fatigue, sore throat, and swollen glands.

Adults (19–39 years)

• Cervical screening test: Women aged 25–74 should have this test every five years. It screens for HPV and helps identify changes that may require further assessment.
• Lipid profile (cholesterol): Many people have their first cholesterol test in their 30s to establish baseline levels. Those with a family history of heart disease should consult an online GP about earlier testing.
• Antenatal screenings: Women planning pregnancy may need routine tests, including rubella immunity, blood group checks, and genetic carrier screening.

Note: While Hola Health can provide referrals for pathology, physical tests such as cervical screenings must be performed in person by a healthcare provider. These services are not provided directly by Hola Health and this information is provided for educational purposes only.

Middle age (40–59 years)

• General health screening: Routine health checks can help monitor overall wellbeing and identify changes in health over time. Your healthcare provider can recommend appropriate tests based on your age, lifestyle, and medical history.
• Lipid profile & heart health: Cholesterol monitoring during this stage can provide insights into cardiovascular health and help assess factors associated with heart and blood vessel health over time.
• Bowel screening: The Australian Government provides free bowel screening kits to eligible age groups. These tests detect tiny amounts of blood in stool, which may indicate the need for further investigation and follow-up care.

Seniors (60+ years)

Kidney function (EUC): Kidney function naturally declines with age. This blood test checks how well your kidneys are working and how your body handles medications and waste products. Vitamin D & calcium: These nutrients are essential for bone health. Testing helps prevent osteoporosis and fractures, particularly when outdoor activity decreases. Full blood count (FBE): This test provides an overview of immune health and helps detect anaemia or infection.

Pathology Tests by Age Group

Here is a quick reference guide to the key tests recommended for Australians.

Age Group	Key Test	Why they are important
Children	Iron Studies	The test helps doctors check if a child's rapid growth has caused iron depletion.
Teens	STI Screen	The test protects health and fertility for sexually active individuals.
Adults (25+)	Cervical Screening	The test helps detect HPV early and identify cervical cell changes that may require further assessment.
Middle Age (40s)	HbA1c & Lipids	This life stage is important for supporting long-term health and reducing the risk of heart-related conditions.
Middle Age (50+)	FOBT (Bowel Kit)	The test helps detect changes that may require further investigation and follow-up care.
Seniors (60+)	Kidney Function	The test helps doctors track how well the body processes daily medications.

Symptoms

People should seek medical help as soon as possible if they experience any of the following symptoms:

• Unexplained weight loss, which may indicate an underlying medical condition.
• Persistent fatigue that is not related to poor sleep.
• New or unusual lumps or bumps anywhere on the body.
• Ongoing changes in bowel habits or the presence of blood in the stool.

Anyone experiencing these symptoms should consult a doctor promptly. Note: If you are experiencing life-threatening symptoms, chest pain, or severe acute distress, please call 000 immediately or visit your nearest Emergency Department (ED).

Getting referrals for a pathology test

To get a referral for a pathology test:

1. Engage with a healthcare professional: Book an telehealth appointment with a doctor who will evaluate your symptoms and review your medical history. Not all tests require a comprehensive review of past conditions.
2. Obtain a referral: Should it be deemed necessary, the doctor will prescribe the relevant pathology test and issue a referral.
3. Attend a laboratory or testing facility: Upon receiving the referral, proceed to the specified laboratory or testing centre to provide the required samples for the examination.
4. Receive test results: The laboratory will forward the results to your doctor, who will then review the findings with you and outline any subsequent steps.
5. Participate in follow-up care: Depending on the results, additional referrals or treatment options may be recommended.

Ease of online referrals

Online referrals for pathology tests provide a convenient and efficient way to access medical services without needing an in-person visit. Here's how they make the process easier:

1. Telemedicine consultations: Licensed healthcare professionals are available for online doctor consultations with patients through video calls. Following an evaluation of the patient's symptoms, these professionals can issue direct referrals for the required pathology tests.
2. Instant referrals: Upon assessing a patient's condition, the healthcare provider can generate an electronic referral. This referral can then be promptly forwarded to the patient's preferred pathology laboratory or diagnostic centre.
3. Elimination of physical visits: Patients can obtain a referral from the convenience of their homes, conserving time and effort, particularly in circumstances where visiting a clinic in person is not feasible.
4. Access to an extensive network of laboratories: Online referral services frequently grant patients access to a diverse network of accredited laboratories, offering flexibility in selecting both the location and the types of tests available.

While telehealth is a convenient alternative for many pathology referrals, it is not a clinical replacement for all conditions. A physical examination by a medical practitioner in person may be required to accurately diagnose certain symptoms.

Key points to discuss with your doctor

Here are some key points to discuss with your doctor during a consultation-

1. Symptoms: Provide a detailed description of your symptoms, including their duration and intensity.
2. Medical history: It is essential to disclose both your personal and familial health history.
3. Medications: List all current medications and any past treatments.
4. Allergies: It is important to indicate any known allergies to medications, food items, or other substances.
5. Lifestyle factors: Discuss your dietary habits, level of physical activity, quality of sleep, and any habits such as tobacco or alcohol consumption.
6. Concerns: Identify any specific health-related concerns or anxieties you might have regarding treatments.
7. Previous tests: Bring along any test results from prior medical consultations.
8. Test instructions: Discuss any specific instructions for the test, such as fasting, medication restrictions, or sample collection protocols.
9. Goals: Articulate your health objectives and your expectations regarding treatment outcomes.
10. Referrals: Inquire about any necessary diagnostic tests or referrals to specialised practitioners.
11. Follow-up: Seek clarification regarding the timeline and procedures for follow-up consultations with your doctor.

How Hola Health may be able to help

Hola Health is an Australian telehealth platform that connects you with registered doctors and nurse practitioners — from the comfort of your home, at a time that suits you. Depending on your situation, a Hola Health clinician may be able to help with:

• 24/7 General medical advice via telehealth doctor consult — talk through symptoms or health concerns with a registered doctor or medical practitioner
• Medical certificate online  — for work or personal leave, when clinically appropriate
• Referrals to specialists - or in-person services when needed
• Online prescriptions — at a clinician's discretion and where clinically suitable
• Pathology or imaging requests — when assessed as appropriate by your treating clinician
• Mental health Care Plan — Mental Health Treatment Plans (referral to your regular GP may be recommended for ongoing care)

Hola Health clinicians are AHPRA-registered Doctors and medical practitioners in Australia. They will always recommend an in-person consultation, specialist referral, or emergency care if that is in your best interest. Note: Telehealth is not suitable for all conditions. Hola Health does not replace your regular GP, specialist, or emergency services. If you are unsure whether telehealth is right for your situation, we recommend speaking with your usual healthcare provider. In emergencies, call 000.

Conclusion

Pathology tests are important for identifying and managing health conditions, providing valuable insights into organ function and overall well-being. Regular screenings can help detect conditions early, leading to better health outcomes. By understanding these tests and working with healthcare providers, individuals can make informed choices and take charge of their health.

FAQs

Do I always need to fast for blood tests?

Not always. Many modern blood tests do not require fasting, although cholesterol and glucose tests may still need it. Always follow the instructions on your referral form.

Are pathology tests covered by Medicare?

Most common pathology tests ordered by a doctor are bulk-billed*, meaning Medicare covers the cost. Some specialised tests may involve a gap fee.

How long do results take?

Most routine blood test results are available within 24 to 48 hours. More complex tests may take longer.

How often should Australians have pathology tests?

Most healthy adults benefit from annual blood tests as part of a general health check. People with ongoing health conditions or those requiring regular health monitoring may need testing every three to six months, as advised by their GP. Note: Australians aged 45 years and over may be eligible for Medicare's Heart Health Check program.