Health Info > Health Checks & Blood Test Published on : February 22, 2025

8 common pathology tests you need to know about

Name: Hola Health
Address: Australia
Telephone: +611300014652
Price range: $

Written by the editorial staff writer at Hola. Medically Reviewed by Dr Nelson Lau, MBBS FRACGP, GP & Digital Health Specialist.

Pathology tests are essential for diagnosing, monitoring, and managing diseases. These tests examine blood, urine, tissues, and other body fluids to detect abnormalities, infections, and other medical issues. Here are some key highlights -

Between 2012-13 and 2022-23, there was a rise in the proportion of people who have a Medicare-funded diagnostic service. Specifically, the percentage of the population undergoing a pathology test grew from 53% to 59%.
In 2022-23, the number of pathology test recipients returned to levels more in line with the long-term trend, following the peaks of 62% and 70% in 2020-21 and 2021-22, respectively.
The significant increase in those years was primarily due to the number of COVID-19-related PCR tests conducted. Understanding the various common pathology tests helps individuals make informed choices about their health and collaborate effectively with healthcare professionals for timely treatment. Let’s highlight several key pathology tests that everyone should be aware of.

Year	Percentage of population undergoing pathology test	Key observations
2012-13	53%	Baseline percentage of people undergoing Medicare-funded pathology tests.
2020-21	62%	Significant increase due to COVID-19-related PCR tests.
2021-22	70%	Peak in pathology testing, driven by widespread COVID-19 testing.
2022-23	59%	Return to long-term trend levels after the COVID-19 testing surge.

What are pathology tests?

Pathology tests refer to medical examinations that involve the analysis of biological samples, including blood, urine, or tissue, to diagnose, monitor, and manage various health conditions. The significance of these tests lies in their ability to identify diseases, evaluate overall health status, and assess the effectiveness of ongoing treatments. While they offer invaluable insights, interpretation should always consider the clinical context and other diagnostic findings. Here are some common pathology tests and their purposes:

Test 1: Blood test

A blood test represents a prevalent form of pathology testing. This procedure entails the collection of a small blood sample, which is subsequently analysed in a laboratory to assess the levels of various constituents, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, glucose, and cholesterol. Blood tests serve a significant role in diagnosing numerous medical conditions, such as infections, anemia, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, these tests provide doctors with valuable information regarding organ function and possess the capability to identify risk factors or conditions before symptoms arise.

Test 2: Urine test

Similarly, the urine test constitutes another commonly employed pathology examination. This test involves the analysis of a urine sample to detect the presence of substances such as proteins, glucose, blood cells, or bacteria, which may suggest specific health issues. Urine tests are instrumental in diagnosing urinary tract infections (UTIs), kidney disorders, diabetes, and various metabolic conditions. Moreover, routine urine testing is beneficial for monitoring pre-existing medical conditions as well as evaluating the efficacy of ongoing therapeutic interventions.

Test 3: Ultrasound

Ultrasound technology utilises sound waves to produce images of the internal organs and structures of the body. This modality is frequently employed for monitoring fetal development during pregnancy, assessing abdominal organs such as the liver and kidneys, and identifying problems within the heart or vascular system. As a non-invasive technique, ultrasound detects conditions such as cysts, tumours, and dysfunctions of organs.

Test 4: Biopsy

A biopsy is a medical procedure that entails the extraction of a small tissue sample from the body for microscopic examination. This procedure is primarily utilised for the diagnosis of cancer, infections, and other types of abnormal tissue growth. Biopsies may be conducted on diverse tissue types, including skin, lung, liver, and breast tissue, to evaluate the presence of atypical cellular activity.

Test 5: Stool test

A stool test consists of the analysis of a fecal sample to detect the presence of infections, parasites, or blood. This examination is often employed to diagnose gastrointestinal disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), bacterial or viral infections, and conditions such as colorectal cancer. The findings from this test are instrumental in uncovering the underlying causes of digestive issues.

Test 6: Genetic testing

Genetic testing involves the analysis of DNA to identify hereditary genetic disorders or conditions. This assessment can provide valuable information regarding an individual's risk of developing diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and specific inherited conditions. The application of genetic testing is increasingly prominent in the fields of personalised medicine and preventive healthcare. However, ethical considerations, such as genetic privacy and potential psychological impacts, must be addressed.

Test 7: Thyroid function test

A thyroid function test measures the concentration of thyroid hormones, including TSH, T3, and T4, in the bloodstream. This assessment is crucial for diagnosing thyroid anomalies, such as hypothyroidism (insufficient thyroid hormone production) and hyperthyroidism (excessive thyroid hormone production), which can significantly impact metabolism, energy levels, and overall well-being.

Test 8: Liver function test

A liver function test assesses the health of the liver by quantifying the levels of various enzymes and proteins present in the blood. This evaluation detects liver diseases, including hepatitis, cirrhosis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, while also monitoring the liver's capacity to process metabolic waste and synthesise essential proteins for the body.

Getting referrals for pathology test

To get a referral for a pathology test:

Engage with a healthcare professional: Book an appointment with a doctor who will evaluate your symptoms and review your medical history. Not all tests require a comprehensive review of past conditions.
Obtain a referral: Should it be deemed necessary; the doctor will prescribe the relevant pathology test and issue a referral.
Attend a laboratory or testing facility: Upon receiving the referral, proceed to the specified laboratory or testing centre to provide the required samples for the examination.
Receive test results: The laboratory will forward the results to your doctor, who will then review the findings with you and outline any subsequent steps.
Participate in follow-up care: Depending on the results, additional referrals or treatment options may be recommended.

Also read: Can I get my pathology referrals online?

Ease of online referrals

Online referrals for pathology tests provide a convenient and efficient way to access medical services without needing an in-person visit. Here's how they make the process easier:

Telemedicine consultations: Licensed healthcare professionals are available for remote consultations with patients through video calls. Following an evaluation of the patient's symptoms, these professionals can issue direct referrals for the required pathology tests.
Instant referrals: Upon assessing a patient's condition, the healthcare provider can generate an electronic referral. This referral can then be promptly forwarded to the patient's preferred pathology laboratory or diagnostic centre.
Elimination of physical visits: Patients can obtain a referral from the convenience of their homes, conserving time and effort, particularly in circumstances where visiting a clinic in person is not feasible.
Access to an extensive network of laboratories: Online referral services frequently grant patients access to a diverse network of accredited laboratories, offering flexibility in selecting both the location and the types of tests available.

Also read: Can I Get a Referral Through Telehealth?

Key points to discuss with your doctor

Here are some key points to discuss with your doctor during a consultation-

Symptoms: Provide a detailed description of your symptoms including their duration and intensity.
Medical history: It is essential to disclose both your personal and familial health history.
Medications: List all current medications and any past treatments.
Allergies: It is important to indicate any known allergies to medications, food items, or other substances.
Lifestyle factors: Discuss your dietary habits, level of physical activity, quality of sleep, and any habits such as tobacco or alcohol consumption.
Concerns: Identify any specific health-related concerns or anxieties you might have regarding treatments.
Previous tests: Bring along any test results from prior medical consultations.
Test instructions: Discuss any specific instructions for the test, such as fasting, medication restrictions, or sample collection protocols.
Goals: Articulate your health objectives and your expectations regarding treatment outcomes.
Referrals: Inquire about any necessary diagnostic tests or referrals to specialised practitioners.
Follow-up: Seek clarification regarding the timeline and procedures for follow-up consultations with your doctor.

Pathology tests are important for identifying and managing health conditions providing valuable insights into organ function and overall well-being. Regular screenings can help detect conditions early, leading to better health outcomes. By understanding these tests and working with healthcare providers, individuals can make informed choices and take charge of their health.

Reference

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare - reference link

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Disclaimer

This content is created for informational purposes only. It is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the guidance of your doctor or other qualified health professional with any questions you may have regarding your health or a medical condition. For emergencies please immediately contact 000.

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