Food allergy management: How are food allergies managed?

Overview

Have you ever had a delicious bite followed by an itchy tongue, a tickle in your throat, or worse? Food allergies are a reality for many Australians. While some people might just experience mild discomfort, others can have severe reactions that require immediate medical attention. So, let's unpack the topic of food allergy what they are, how to spot them, and, most importantly, how to stay safe and enjoy your meals Note: This content is for general informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or management. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice from a qualified healthcare provider. If you suspect anaphylaxis (difficulty breathing, swelling of the tongue/throat), call 000 immediately. Do not use telehealth for medical emergencies. Diagnosis of food allergies often requires physical examination and specific testing (Skin Prick Tests) which cannot be performed via telehealth. Online doctors can provide initial assessment, pathology forms, and specialist referrals. We recommend sharing your consultation summary with your regular GP and bulk billing* is available for eligible patients during Medicare-defined periods; otherwise, private fees apply.

What is food allergy?

Imagine your immune system as your body's bouncer, diligently checking everything that enters (in this case, food) to make sure it's safe. In a normal situation, the bouncer recognises food as harmless and lets it pass through. But with a food allergy, the immune system mistakenly identifies a particular protein in a food as a threat, triggering an allergic reaction. This reaction can range from mild to severe, depending on the individual and the amount of food consumed.

Signs and symptoms of food allergy

Food allergy symptoms can appear within minutes of eating the trigger food, or they might take a couple of hours to show up. Here are some common red flags to watch out for:

Mild to moderate symptoms

• Skin: Itchy rash, hives, swelling (especially around the lips and mouth)
• Stomach: Nausea, vomiting, cramps, diarrhoea
• Respiratory: Difficulty breathing, wheezing, coughing
• Other: Dizziness, light-headedness, fainting (in severe cases, anaphylaxis)

Severe allergic reaction (Anaphylaxis)

While most food allergies cause mild to moderate reactions, a severe allergic reaction called anaphylaxis requires immediate medical attention. Here's what to watch out for:

• Sudden swelling of the lips, tongue, sore throat, or face
• Difficulty breathing or wheezing
• Weak pulse or rapid heartbeat
• Dizziness or feeling faint
• Severe nausea or vomiting

Medical Emergency

If you or someone around you experiences these symptoms, call 000 immediately. Do not wait for a doctor's appointment. Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening emergency. While waiting for help arrives, administer an emergency medication auto-injector if available. This is a lifesaving medication that helps reverse the allergic reaction.

Common food allergies in Australia

Australians love their diverse cuisine, but some foods can trigger allergic reactions. Here are some of the most common culprits:

1. Cow's Milk

This is a common allergy in young children, typically outgrown by adolescence. Symptoms can include skin reactions, diarrhoea, and vomiting.

2. Egg

Another frequent allergy in children, egg allergies can cause a range of symptoms, including hives, wheezing, and stomach upset.

3. Peanuts

Peanuts are a major food allergen, causing severe reactions in some individuals. Symptoms can range from mild skin reactions to anaphylaxis.

4. Tree Nuts

Almonds, walnuts, cashews, and other tree nuts can trigger allergic reactions similar to peanuts. Be sure to identify the specific nut causing the allergy.

5. Sesame

Sesame allergies are becoming increasingly common, causing symptoms like hives, swelling, and difficulty breathing. This is why you often see "may contain sesame" warnings on food labels.

6. Soy

Soy allergies are more frequent in children, causing reactions like skin rashes and digestive issues.

7. Seafood

Allergies to fish and shellfish can be lifelong and can cause severe reactions. Symptoms can include hives, swelling, and even anaphylaxis.

8. Wheat

Wheat allergies involve an immune reaction to wheat proteins. It is important to distinguish this from Coeliac Disease, which is an autoimmune condition triggered by gluten, and Gluten Intolerance. While symptoms can be similar, the medical management for each is different.

What causes food allergies?

Food allergies occur when the immune system mistakes harmless food proteins as dangerous threats. When exposed to these foods, the body releases chemicals that trigger allergy symptoms. Common factors linked to food allergies include:

• Genetics or family history of allergies
• Existing allergic conditions such as eczema or asthma
• Environmental exposure
• Immune system sensitivity

 How are food allergies managed?

Unfortunately, there's no magic cure for food allergies. However, with proper management, you can lead a normal and healthy life. Here are some key strategies:

• Strict Avoidance: This is the cornerstone of food allergy management. Reading food labels carefully and avoiding trigger foods is crucial. Don't hesitate to ask questions when eating out.
• Allergy Action Plan: Work with your doctor to develop a personalised plan that outlines your allergy triggers, symptoms, and emergency response steps.
• Carry an emergency medication auto-injector: If you have a severe allergy, always carry an emergency medication auto-injector and know how to use it in case of an emergency.

Long-term management and prevention

Managing food allergies involves ongoing awareness and preparation.

• Read ingredient labels carefully
• Inform schools, workplaces, and restaurants about allergies
• Carry emergency medication at all times
• Avoid cross-contamination when preparing food
• Attend regular follow-up appointments with your doctor or allergy specialist

Can your online GP help with food allergies?

Online doctor consultations can be a convenient way to discuss potential food allergies and get initial guidance. However, for diagnosis and management plans, an in-person consultation with a doctor or allergy specialist is recommended. This allows for a thorough evaluation, including allergy testing, to identify specific triggers and develop a comprehensive management plan.

When should you see an allergy specialist?

You should seek medical advice if:

• You experience severe or worsening reactions
• Symptoms interfere with daily life
• You suspect anaphylaxis
• Over-the-counter medications are not helping
• You need allergy testing or long-term management advice

An allergy specialist is a medical practitioner with specialist registration in immunology and allergy.

Conclusion

Food allergies can be a concern, but understanding the triggers and managing them effectively allows you to live a full and enjoyable life. By being informed about the symptoms, seeking proper diagnosis, and practicing strict avoidance, you can keep food your friend, not your foe. Remember, don't hesitate to consult your doctor or allergy specialist for personalised advice and support.

FAQ

Can food allergies be prevented?

Unfortunately, there's no guaranteed way to prevent food allergies. However, research suggests early introduction of certain allergenic foods (like peanuts with medical supervision) to infants at high risk might be beneficial. It's important to discuss this with your GP or paediatrician, as there are specific guidelines and protocols to follow.

Can you outgrow a food allergy?

Some children, particularly those with milk or egg allergies, can outgrow them by adolescence. However, allergies to peanuts, tree nuts, and seafood are usually lifelong. Regular follow-up with your doctor is important to monitor allergies and adjust management strategies as needed.

What does a positive allergy test mean?

A positive allergy test indicates that your immune system has reacted to a specific allergen. However, a positive test doesn't necessarily mean you have a food allergy. Doctors will often combine allergy test results with your medical history and symptoms to make a definitive diagnosis.

Does cooking food remove the allergen?

This depends on the allergen. For instance, cooking peanuts generally doesn't alter the allergenic protein. However, milk proteins can be denatured (broken down) by heat, sometimes reducing the allergic reaction in some individuals. It's important to remember that even trace amounts of an allergen can trigger a reaction, so complete avoidance is crucial for those with severe allergies.

Can food allergies develop later in life?

Yes. Adults can develop new food allergies even if they never had allergies as children. Changes in the immune system, environment, or repeated exposure to allergens may contribute to adult-onset allergies.