Perinatal depression: Symptoms, risks and treatment
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Summary: Perinatal mental health has an impact on mothers and infants during pregnancy and after childbirth. Poor mental health can cause emotional distress, create challenges in bonding, and lead to developmental issues. Timely identification, self-care, and strong backing from partners, family, and professionals are essential. Pursuing help through mental health care options leads to improved outcomes, fostering well-being for both mother and child.
Perinatal depression is a severe mental health condition that affects many women during pregnancy or after giving birth. It affects 1 in 7 mothers and 1 in 10 fathers/partners. Often overlooked and underdiagnosed, it can have a profound effect on the mother’s health and the child’s growth. The perinatal period—comprising pregnancy and the first year after childbirth—can be emotionally and physically demanding. However, when depression arises during this period, it can hinder a mother’s ability to connect with her child, manage daily tasks, and care for her well-being. Identifying the signs and understanding the risks and available treatments are key to providing support during this challenging phase.What are the two most common perinatal mental health conditions?
The two most common perinatal mental health conditions are:Perinatal depression:
Perinatal depression is marked by intense sadness, hopelessness, and a loss of interest in daily activities, including self-care or caring for the baby. It is estimated that perinatal depression affects around 15-20% of mothers in high-income countries, and that prevalence is considerably higher in low- and middle-income countries.Perinatal anxiety:
Perinatal anxiety is characterised by excessive worry, dread, or nervousness, often concerning the baby’s health or one’s caregiving abilities. It can disrupt daily life and emotional health. Perinatal depression and perinatal anxiety are the two most common perinatal mental health conditions.What is the difference between peripartum depression and postpartum depression?
Peripartum depression is the condition of experiencing depression throughout pregnancy and up to one-year post-childbirth, including both antenatal (during pregnancy) and postpartum (after birth) depression. Postpartum depression specifically arises after childbirth, typically within the first few weeks to months. In contrast to peripartum depression, which encompasses both prenatal and postnatal phases, postpartum depression focuses solely on the post-delivery phase.What is perinatal mental health?
Perinatal mental health refers to the emotional and psychological wellness of a mother during pregnancy and up to one year after giving birth. This stage can trigger significant emotional shifts due to hormonal changes, lifestyle modifications, and new responsibilities. Common conditions related to perinatal mental health include anxiety, depression, postnatal depression (PND), and postpartum psychosis. If not addressed, these challenges can affect both the mother’s and baby’s well-being, influencing bonding, infant growth, and family health overall.It is vital to maintain positive perinatal mental health for the well-being of both mother and baby. Early recognition of issues, support from loved ones, and professional intervention can help ensure a healthier and more supportive experience.
Also read: Parental anxiety: Guide to finding relief
Symptoms of the “baby blues”
The baby blues are a common emotional experience that can occur after giving birth, typically lasting anywhere from a few days to two weeks. These feelings arise due to hormonal changes, fatigue, and the transition to motherhood.
- Mood fluctuations: Experiencing sudden emotional highs and lows, feeling joyful at one moment and tearful the next.
- Irritability: Heightened feelings of frustration, impatience, or becoming overwhelmed by minor issues.
- Fatigue: Severe tiredness, difficulty resting, and physical exhaustion.
- Anxiety: Excessive worrying about the baby’s safety or uncertainty regarding parenting skills.
- Crying spells: Frequent and puzzling tears, even without a specific trigger.
- Difficulty concentrating: Challenges with focus, forgetfulness, or experiencing mental cloudiness.
The baby blues are a temporary condition that usually resolves naturally. Adequate rest, support from family and friends, and self-care practices can assist in alleviating symptoms. If feelings continue or worsen, it is essential to seek professional assistance.
Effect of poor perinatal mental health on mothers and babies
Poor mental health during the perinatal period can lead to serious repercussions for both mothers and their infants. Conditions such as maternal depression, anxiety, or other mental health issues during pregnancy and after childbirth can affect emotional wellness, physical health, and attachment to the baby.- Effects on mothers: There is a heightened risk of experiencing postpartum depression, anxiety, and challenges in managing day-to-day tasks. It can also result in sleep disturbances, decreased self-esteem, and, in extreme cases, suicidal ideation.
- Effects on babies: Maternal mental health issues can influence fetal growth, potentially resulting in low birth weight, early deliveries, or feeding problems. It may also interfere with initial bonding, raising the likelihood of emotional and behavioural difficulties during childhood.
Why is identification and treatment important?
Recognising and addressing perinatal mental health challenges is essential for both maternal and infant health. Detecting these issues early can avert complications such as severe postpartum depression, anxiety, and bonding difficulties. Without adequate treatment, these challenges may hinder a mother's ability to care for herself and her child, resulting in long-lasting emotional and developmental issues. Prompt action, which includes counselling, medical assistance, and community support, can enhance outcomes, ensuring a smoother transition to motherhood. By tackling perinatal mental health problems early on, mothers can receive the necessary help, minimising risks and encouraging a positive start for both themselves and their babies.
Prompt identification and management of perinatal mental health challenges are critical for both mother and child. Sufficient support can ward off complications, strengthen bonds, and encourage long-lasting well-being for the entire family.Key risk factors and triggers
Various risk factors and triggers can influence perinatal mental health challenges, affecting both mothers and babies.- Biological factors: Changes in hormones, a history of mental health issues, or complications during pregnancy and delivery.
- Psychological factors: High-stress levels, low self-worth, past traumatic experiences, or previous pregnancy loss.
- Social factors include insufficient support, high stress from family or partners, conflicts in relationships, financial strain, and feelings of isolation.
- Lifestyle factors: Inadequate sleep, poor dietary choices, substance abuse, or insufficient physical activity.
- Medical factors: Chronic illnesses, difficult labour experiences, premature births, or caring for a baby with special needs.
Self-help and coping
Managing perinatal mental health is vital for both mother and infant. Self-help techniques and coping strategies can assist in maintaining emotional health and alleviating stress.- Focus on self-care: Make sure to get enough sleep, eat healthily, stay hydrated, and engage in regular exercise.
- Maintain connections: Reach out to friends, family, or support groups to prevent isolation and build emotional support.
- Practice relaxation methods: Incorporate deep breathing, meditation, yoga, or mindfulness to cope with stress.
- Engage in pleasurable activities: Allocate time for hobbies, music, reading, or outdoor walks to elevate your spirits.
- Keep a journal: Documenting feelings can aid in processing emotions and diminish anxiety.
- Set achievable goals: Understand that parenting poses challenges and perfection isn't a requirement.
- Reduce stressors: Lower overwhelming responsibilities, delegate tasks, and take necessary breaks.
- Educate yourself: Learn about perinatal mental health to identify symptoms and effective coping methods.
- Seek professional assistance when necessary. If your emotions become too much to handle, Talk to a doctor, therapist, or counsellor.
Also read: Self-care tips for parents: Trusted guide by therapists
How partners, family and friends can help
Support from friends, family, and partners is vital for a mother’s mental well-being during the perinatal period. Their understanding and encouragement can alleviate stress and enhance emotional health.
- Provide emotional support: Listen empathetically, acknowledge her feelings, and offer reassurance.
- Assist with daily responsibilities: Help with household tasks, meal preparation, and caring for the baby to lighten her load.
- Promote self-care: Encourage her to rest, maintain a healthy diet, and take time for relaxation.
- Exercise patience and empathy: Mood fluctuations are normal; respond with compassion and refrain from criticising.
- Stay knowledgeable: Educate yourself about perinatal mental health to identify warning signs and provide suitable support.
- Encourage professional help if necessary: If symptoms continue, gently recommend seeking medical or therapeutic assistance.
A robust support network can greatly impact a mother’s mental health. Simple gestures of kindness, patience, and affirmation from loved ones can help her feel appreciated and supported during this important phase.
Seeking support with a mental health care plan
In Australia, a Mental Health Care Plan allows access to subsidised mental health services through Medicare. To obtain one, consult a GP, who will evaluate your mental health and formulate a plan specific to your requirements. This enables you to access up to 10 subsidised sessions per year with psychologists, counsellors, or therapists. Numerous providers also offer telehealth services for greater accessibility. Additional resources are provided through Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs), community organisations, and online platforms.
Pursuing assistance via a Mental Health Care Plan can make professional services more affordable and reachable, ensuring you receive the necessary support for improved well-being.
Perinatal depression is a serious but manageable condition. Early identification and intervention through medication, counselling, support, and lifestyle changes can greatly enhance the well-being of both the mother and the child. By encouraging conversations about perinatal depression and offering sufficient resources, we can help mothers overcome this difficult phase and ensure better health outcomes for themselves and their children.Reference
- The cost of perinatal depression and anxiety in Australia - reference link
- Perinatal mental health screening in Australia - reference link
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This content is created for informational purposes only. It is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the guidance of your doctor or other qualified health professional with any questions you may have regarding your health or a medical condition. For emergencies please immediately contact 000.
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