Understanding Acne – Causes, Symptoms And Treatments
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Overview
Acne is a common skin condition that affects many people. It develops when hair follicles (pores) become clogged with oil and dead skin cells, leading to spots, pimples, and sometimes deeper, painful lumps. While acne is often associated with teenagers, many adults in Australia continue to experience breakouts into their 20s, 30s, and beyond.
Acne is not just a physical skin concern—it can also affect confidence and emotional wellbeing. The good news is that with the right approach, effective treatments and management strategies are available.
Note: The content of this blog is for informational purposes only and does not replace professional medical diagnosis, advice, or treatment.
How common is acne in Australia?
Acne is very common in Australia, affecting up to 85% of people at some point, with around half of adults still experiencing it in their 30s1.
- A large proportion of teenagers develop acne during adolescence
- Adults, particularly women, may experience hormonal acne related to menstrual cycles or pregnancy
- People with naturally oily or sensitive skin are more prone to breakouts
- Environmental factors such as heat, humidity, sun exposure, and certain sunscreens can contribute to acne
Types of acne
Acne can present in different forms depending on severity and skin type:
| Types of acne | What it looks like | Common location |
| Whiteheads | Closed clogged pores | Face, forehead, chin |
| Blackheads | Open clogged pores | Nose, T-zone |
| Papules | Small red bumps | Face/body |
| Pustules | Red bumps with pus | Face/shoulders |
| Nodules | Deep, painful lumps | Jawline/back |
| Cystic acne | Large, pus-filled lumps (severe type) | Face/back/chest |
Causes of acne
Acne typically develops due to a combination of factors:
- Hormonal changes (puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, or conditions like PCOS)2
- Excess oil (sebum) production
- Bacteria growth within clogged pores
- Build-up of dead skin cells
- Stress, which can worsen breakouts
- Genetics, as acne can run in families
- Lifestyle factors such as diet, sleep, and skincare habits
- Environmental triggers like heat, sweating, and heavy sunscreens
Acne triggers
Several common triggers may worsen acne, particularly in the Australian environment:
- Hot and humid weather
- Heavy or greasy sunscreens
- Frequent sweating during outdoor activities
- Wearing hats or helmets (e.g. sports or tradie jobs)
- Pore-clogging skincare or makeup products
- Stress and poor sleep
Symptoms of acne
Common symptoms of acne include:
- Whiteheads and blackheads
- Red, inflamed bumps
- Painful lumps beneath the skin
- Pus-filled pimples
- Scarring or dark spots
- Skin tenderness and inflammation
Severe acne may require early GP treatment to reduce the risk of long-term scarring.
How acne is diagnosed in Australia
To assess acne, a GP will typically evaluate several factors to determine severity and appropriate treatment.
Your GP may examine:
- Your skin type and breakout pattern
- Your medical history (e.g., PCOS, hormonal changes, medications)
- Whether a dermatology referral is required
Note: While telehealth is a convenient option for initial assessment, a physical examination or in-person skin check may be necessary for a definitive diagnosis, especially to assess deeper cysts or nodules.
Treatment options
Acne can be managed effectively with a combination of treatments, ranging from over-the-counter products to prescription medications and clinical procedures.
-
Over-the-counter options (available at pharmacies without a prescription)
These treatments are suitable for mild acne and early-stage breakouts:
- Medicated antiseptic washes to reduce bacteria and inflammation
- Exfoliating chemical cleansers to help unclog pores
- Non-comedogenic skincare to prevent pore blockage
- Gentle cleansers (avoid harsh scrubs)
-
Prescription medications (via GP)
For moderate to severe acne, a GP may recommend prescription treatments:
- Topical retinoids to prevent clogged pores
- Antibiotic creams to reduce bacteria and inflammation
- Oral antibiotics for moderate to severe acne
- Hormonal therapy for women (e.g., combined oral contraceptive pill)
- Specialist oral medications for severe or cystic acne
-
Dermatology clinic treatments
Advanced treatments may be recommended for persistent or severe acne:
- Chemical peels
- LED light therapy
- Laser treatments
- Professional extraction of blackheads
-
Skincare routine advice
Maintaining a consistent and gentle skincare routine is essential:
- Use fragrance-free, gentle products
- Avoid harsh scrubs and alcohol-based toners
- Choose oil-free or non-comedogenic products
- Cleanse the skin twice daily with a mild cleanser
-
Lifestyle changes
Lifestyle habits can significantly influence acne severity:
- Manage stress levels
- Maintain a balanced diet and stay hydrated
- Get adequate sleep
- Avoid heavy or pore-clogging makeup
Note: This information is for educational purposes only. Always consult a GP before starting treatments or home remedies to ensure they are safe and appropriate for your condition.
Acne scarring and pigmentation
If left untreated, acne can lead to long-term skin changes such as:
- Atrophic scarring (pitted or indented skin texture)
- Hyperpigmentation (dark spots after healing)
- Hypertrophic scars (raised scars)
Treatment options may include microneedling, laser therapy, and prescription retinoids. Early consultation with a dermatologist can help improve outcomes.
When to see a GP or Dermatologist
Seek medical advice if you experience:
- Severe or painful acne
- Development of dark spots or scarring
- No improvement with over-the-counter treatments
- Breakouts associated with hormonal symptoms (e.g., irregular periods, hair loss)
- Acne affecting confidence or daily life
If you develop signs of a severe skin infection (such as high fever, chills, or rapidly spreading redness and warmth), call 000 or visit the nearest Emergency Department immediately.
How Hola Health can help
Hola Health supports Australians in managing acne through accessible telehealth services and personalised care:
- Diagnosis via telehealth
- Prescription creams and oral medications (where clinically appropriate)
- Support for hormonal acne management
- Referrals to dermatologists
- Tailored treatment plans
- Medical certificates if acne impacts work or study
Conclusion
Acne is a common and treatable skin condition affecting many Australians. With the right combination of skincare, medical treatments, and lifestyle adjustments, clearer skin is achievable. If acne is persistent, painful, or impacting your confidence, early consultation with a GP can help prevent long-term complications such as scarring.
FAQs
What causes sudden acne in adults?
Common triggers include stress, hormonal changes, and new skincare products.
Does diet affect acne?
A low glycaemic index (GI) diet may help some individuals, although evidence is still evolving.
Is sunscreen good or bad for acne?
Using a non-comedogenic, oil-free sunscreen can protect the skin without worsening acne.
Can stress cause breakouts?
Stress does not directly cause acne but can worsen existing breakouts.
How long does acne treatment take to work?
Most treatments take around 6 to 12 weeks to show noticeable improvement.
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Disclaimer
This blog is for general informational purposes only and does not indicate that Hola Health provides all treatments or preventive measures mentioned. It is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the guidance of your doctor or other qualified health professional with any questions you may have regarding your health or a medical condition. For emergencies please immediately contact 000. Any medical topics discussed are intended to educate, not to imply availability through Hola Health.