Thrush in pregnancy: Causes & home treatments

Overview

Thrush, a widespread fungal infection caused by Candida albicans, can affect women at any time, but it is twice as common in pregnant women compared to those who are not pregnant. This infection mainly targets the vaginal area, causing symptoms like itching, irritation, a burning sensation, and unusual discharge. Understanding the causes of thrush¹ and exploring safe management options, including consulting healthcare providers, is essential for ensuring maternal comfort and health during pregnancy.

Note: The content of this blog is for informational purposes only and does not replace professional medical diagnosis, advice, or treatment.

What is a thrush infection?

Thrush is a fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of the fungus Candida albicans. This yeast is naturally found in various parts of the body, such as the mouth, throat, digestive tract, and vagina. When the body’s microbial balance is disrupted, Candida can grow excessively, causing an infection. Thrush is more common in pregnant women due to hormonal changes, as increased oestrogen levels heighten the chances of developing it by creating an environment conducive to yeast overgrowth. Candida may also thrive after treatment with antibiotics or in women with elevated blood sugar levels, particularly those with diabetes, as these can disrupt the body’s natural microbial balance and increase susceptibility to thrush.

What does thrush look like?

Thrush manifests differently depending on the part of the body affected:

• Oral thrush: It causes white, creamy patches on the tongue, gums, inside the cheeks, or roof of the mouth. The affected areas may appear red or swollen beneath the white coating. Additionally, there may be discomfort, trouble swallowing, or a cottony sensation in the mouth.
• Vaginal thrush: There is a thick, white, cottage cheese-like discharge from the vagina accompanied by swelling and itching around the vaginal opening. The discharge might also cause irritation or a burning sensation while urinating or during sexual activity.
• Skin thrush: The skin may develop red, inflamed rashes with a shiny or damp appearance, particularly in areas like the armpits, groin, or under the breasts. The rash may have small red spots or blisters on the edges.

Thrush can cause discomfort or pain in all cases, but its appearance varies depending on the affected area.

Causes

Several factors contribute to the development of thrush in pregnancy:

• Hormonal changes: Increased oestrogen levels boost glycogen in vaginal cells, providing Candida with a food source and encouraging yeast overgrowth.
• Increased vaginal discharge: Pregnancy increases vaginal discharge, creating a moist environment that supports fungal growth.
• Immune system changes: Pregnancy can slightly weaken the immune system, making infections like thrush more likely.
• Uncontrolled diabetes: Elevated blood sugar levels can increase the risk of yeast infections by providing excess glucose for Candida.
• Antibiotic use: Antibiotics can disrupt the balance of healthy bacteria, allowing Candida to multiply.

Symptoms

The symptoms of thrush during pregnancy are similar to those seen in women who are not pregnant and may include:

• Pain or discomfort during urination or sexual activity
• Itching or irritation in the vaginal area
• Burning sensations while urinating or during intercourse
• Redness or swelling of the vaginal tissues
• Thick, white, creamy discharge resembling cottage cheese
• Splits in the skin of the vulva

Are there any issues in pregnancy?

Thrush, a prevalent yeast infection caused by Candida albicans, may arise during pregnancy due to hormonal changes that alter the vaginal environment. Although it is generally not harmful, untreated or severe cases can lead to discomfort or complications. Key considerations include:

1. Discomfort: Symptoms like itching, soreness, and abnormal discharge can cause significant discomfort.
2. Risk of transmission: There is a small risk of passing the infection to the newborn during vaginal delivery, potentially leading to oral thrush.
3. Recurrent infections: Pregnancy-related changes may increase the likelihood of repeated infections.
4. Complications: Rarely, untreated infections may lead to secondary issues requiring medical attention.

Will having vaginal thrush affect the baby?

Vaginal thrush during pregnancy is not usually harmful to the baby, but some points to consider include:

1. During pregnancy: The infection typically remains localised and does not affect fetal development.
2. During delivery: There is a possibility of passing Candida to the baby, which may cause oral thrush or diaper rash. These are generally mild and treatable.
3. Breastfeeding considerations: If the baby develops oral thrush, it may spread to the mother’s nipples during breastfeeding, requiring treatment for both.

Home treatments

If you prefer to try home remedies for managing vaginal thrush during pregnancy, these options may help alleviate symptoms:

1. Probiotics: May help restore the natural balance of bacteria and yeast. Choose clinically studied probiotics for vaginal health.
2. Coconut oil: Has natural antifungal properties and may soothe irritation when applied externally.
3. Apple cider vinegar: Avoid direct or improper use; consult a healthcare provider before trying.
4. Baking soda: Adding 1–2 tablespoons to a warm bath may help restore pH balance and reduce discomfort.
5. Garlic: Can be included in the diet for its antifungal properties, but avoid direct vaginal application.
6. Hygiene maintenance: Wear breathable cotton underwear and avoid scented products that may disrupt natural balance.
7. Hydration: Drinking enough water supports overall health and recovery.

When to consult a doctor?

Consult a doctor if symptoms persist despite home care, worsen over time, or recur frequently. Seek medical advice if you experience significant itching, burning, swelling, or unusual discharge that does not improve. During pregnancy, always consult a healthcare provider before using any treatments to ensure safety for both mother and baby.

Note: If you experience severe abdominal pain, heavy vaginal bleeding, or high fever during pregnancy, call 000 or visit your nearest Emergency Department immediately.

How can telehealth appointments help?

Telehealth appointments offer a convenient way to manage symptoms, especially during pregnancy. Through a consultation with an online doctor, a healthcare provider can assess symptoms, confirm a diagnosis, and recommend safe treatment options. Telehealth reduces exposure risks and saves time, making it ideal for expectant mothers.

Doctors can also provide guidance on home care, prevention, and safe medication use. If needed, prescriptions, referrals, or an online doctor’s certificate may be issued. Services like telehealth ensure access to timely medical care from home, though some cases may still require in-person assessment.

Hola Health offers a range of telehealth services, including:

• Instant consults with registered practitioners
• Online medical certificates, including multi day medical certificate
• Online prescriptions (if clinically appropriate)
• Specialist referrals
• COVID-19 antiviral access
• Mental health care plans with bulk billing for eligible patients

In conclusion, thrush during pregnancy is common but manageable. Recognising symptoms early and seeking appropriate care ensures comfort and reduces complications. Maintaining good hygiene, a balanced diet, and professional guidance can help support a healthy pregnancy.