Recurring thrush: Causes, treatment, and prevention 

Overview

Thrush is a common yeast infection caused by an overgrowth of Candida. It is considered “recurring” when it occurs four or more times within 12 months. Many individuals face recurrent episodes, which can be frustrating, but they are entirely manageable. Recognising the root causes is the initial step towards achieving long-lasting relief.

What is a recurring thrush?

Recurring thrush refers to the persistent return of Candida due to an imbalance, irritation, or other health issues. It leads to ongoing discomfort and may disrupt daily activities.

Common symptoms include:

• Itching or a burning sensation
• Thick, white discharge resembling “cottage cheese”
• Redness and irritation
• Discomfort during sexual intercourse or urination

Causes

Overgrowth of Candida

Candida naturally exists in the body, but certain factors can cause it to multiply excessively.

• Natural imbalance of vaginal microbiota
• Recent antibiotic use affecting healthy bacteria levels

Hormonal fluctuations

Hormonal changes can alter the vaginal environment and promote yeast growth.

• Pregnancy
• Changes in the menstrual cycle
• Perimenopause
• Hormonal contraceptive methods

Medical issues

Certain health conditions can increase susceptibility to recurring thrush.

• Poorly managed diabetes
• Iron deficiency
• Problems with the immune system

Lifestyle factors

Daily habits and hygiene choices can influence vaginal health.

• Wearing tight or synthetic underwear
• Excessive washing or use of harsh hygiene products
• Using scented soaps, pads, wipes, or washes

Sexual factors

Sexual activity may sometimes contribute to irritation or reinfection.

• Friction or micro-irritation during sexual activity
• Rare transmission between partners

Frequent antibiotic usage

Antibiotics can disrupt the normal vaginal flora, allowing Candida to overgrow.

Symptoms

Recurring thrush symptoms are similar to acute thrush but may return shortly after treatment.

• Thick white discharge
• Itching or a burning feeling
• Swelling or redness
• Discomfort during sexual intercourse or urination
• Symptoms recurring soon after treatment

How recurring thrush is diagnosed

Diagnosing recurring thrush involves a combination of clinical assessment and targeted testing to confirm the cause and rule out other conditions.

• Consultation with a GP and review of symptoms
• Vaginal swabs to confirm the presence of Candida
• Excluding conditions like bacterial vaginosis (BV), sexually transmitted infections (STIs), eczema, or dermatitis
• Blood tests (for glucose, iron, etc.) if there are suspected underlying causes

Treatment options

Antifungal treatments

Oral fluconazole (single or multiple doses) or vaginal creams and pessaries are commonly used to eliminate the infection.

Long-term suppressive therapy

Weekly or monthly antifungal medications may be advised for individuals with frequent flare-ups or resistant infections.

Addressing underlying health issues

Managing diabetes and correcting iron deficiency can significantly reduce the risk of recurrence.

Lifestyle and hygiene adjustments

Wearing cotton underwear, avoiding scented products, and practising gentle washing once daily can help maintain vaginal health.

Partner treatment (if necessary)

Partner treatment may be considered if a sexual partner shows symptoms such as redness, itching, or irritation.

Prevention tips

Adopting healthy habits can help prevent recurring thrush.

• Opt for breathable cotton underwear
• Change out of wet clothing promptly
• Avoid showering
• Keep blood sugar levels steady
• Utilise probiotics if suggested by your GP
• Steer clear of unnecessary antibiotics
• Maintain consistent, gentle hygiene

When to see a GP

Seek medical advice if symptoms are persistent, severe, or unclear.

• If thrush continually returns despite treatment
• Experiencing pain, fever, or unusual discharge
• First-time symptoms of thrush
• If there are concerns regarding pregnancy or diabetes

How Hola Health can help

Hola Health’s Australian-registered doctors can:

• Diagnose thrush based on symptoms or testing
• Prescribe oral or topical antifungal medications
• Create long-term management plans for recurring thrush
• Arrange swabs or blood tests
• Provide personalised guidance for prevention and lifestyle adjustments

Conclusion

Recurring thrush is uncomfortable but highly treatable. With an accurate diagnosis, an appropriate treatment plan, and preventive measures, most individuals can break the cycle. If symptoms persist, consulting with a GP early can help prevent lasting discomfort and repeated infections.